Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
Book
Hitler, Adolf, and Ralph Manheim. Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943. Ebook Reader.
This primary source was triage research for Hitler’s racial ideology. This book told me a bit on how he justified his acts and why he hated certain groups. It helped me get an understanding on the time period of the Holocaust. I would recommend this source if you are looking for the reasons why he started the Holocaust.
Kor, Eva Mozes., and Lisa Rojany-Buccieri. Surviving the Angel of Death: The True Story of a Mengele Twin in Auschwitz. Terre Haute, IN: Tanglewood, 2012. Print.
This primary source helped me a lot because it gave me an actual account of one person. I could see what it was like from a prisoner's point of view. I would recommend this source because it was a great primary source and has a lot of good facts.
Nyiszli, Miklós. Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Pub., 2011. Print.
This novel describes Dr. Nyiszli’s account of Auschwitz. It gives good information that reveals what things happened at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp. This source was vital to my research. It gave a first-person account of the experiments, which helped me better understand what happened. I would definitely recommend this source.
Spitz, Vivien. Doctors from Hell: The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans. Boulder, CO: Sentient Publications, 2005. Print.
This primary source helped me get a deeper insight on what the actual viewpoints of the doctors and Justices. I used this to understand what happened in the Nuremberg Trials and some of the effects. This source was very valuable because it had lots of good viewpoints.
Court Proceedings
United States of America v. Karl Brandt, Et Al. (The Doctors' Trial). Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT). N.d. Nuremberg Trials Project - A Digital Document Collection. Harvard Law School, 2003. Web. 20 Jan. 2014.<http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/php/docs_swi.php?DI=1&text=transcript>
This primary source was the court proceeding of the "Subsequent Nuremberg Trials". This helped me get understanding on what the trials were like. I'll recommend the source because it contains original document and let me have a complete understanding of the Trials.
Document
The Nuremberg Code. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949. PDF.
The Nuremberg Code is a document from the Medical Case during the Nuremberg Trials. It describes ten points defining legitimate human research. This document was used in the effects of the Nuremberg Trial. I would recommend this source, since it is a great primary source.
Letter
Rascher, Sigmund. "Concerning Freezing Experiments." Letter to Heinrich Himmler. 17 Feb. 1943. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Nazi Medical Experiments Rascher 2. Http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/rascher2.htm>.
This primary source was a letter from Dr. Rascher to Himmler, describing the hypothermia experiment. I would recommend the source because this is from Dr. Rascher's own words that collaborate victims' account.
Interview
Elias, Ruth. "Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection, Interview with Ruth Elias." Interview by Claude Lanzmann. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://www.ushmm.org/online/film/display/detail.php?file_num=4736>.
This primary source was an interview that helped me understand what Auschwitz was like. This gave me a lot of information on the experiments and had lots of good quotes I would recommend this source because it was a good firsthand account.
Hammerstien, Leah. "Invasion of Poland, Fall 1939." Interview. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2014.<http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_oi.php?ModuleId=10005070&MediaId=1175>
This primary source was an interview of a person describing the bombing of Warsaw. I used this as triage research and I would recommend this source because it had a lot of good quotes on the Invasion of Poland.
"Nazi Medical Experiments - Oral History." Interview. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_oi.php?MediaId=1149&ModuleId=10005168>.
This is an interview with Irene Hizme. She talks about her experiences in an experiment at Auschwitz. Hizme describes how they took her blood samples and x-rays of her, because she was a twin. This source helped me better understand what happened in the experiments, because it is told from a first-person point of view. I would recommend this source.
Newspaper Article
Greenhouse, Steven. "Capping the Cost of Atrocity; Survivor of Nazi Experiments Says $8,000 Isn't Enough." The New York Times. The New York Times, 19 Nov. 2003. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.
This helped us with our project because it shows the perspective from what happened back then from a survivor of the Nazi experiments. I would not recommend this source because it did not have as much information on the experimentation as we had expected.
Hevesi, Denis. "Dr. Jay Katz, 86, Dies; Explorer of Ethics Issues." New York Times 20 Nov. 2008: n. pag. Web.
This source is the obituary of Dr. Jay Katz, who explored ethical issues. The article summarizes his career and shows a few of his quotes. I pulled a quote from this article. This is not that great of source and I would not recommend it to a fellow student.
Methodist Hospital, Houston. "Survivor of Nazi 'twin experiments' talks to doctors about human subjects research." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 6 December 2012. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121206153357.htm>.
This primary source was about a survivor that got tested on by the Nazis. I used this as one of my main primary sources. This source was very useful because it was good to hear information from an actual person who has been through it.
Spanjaard, Ima. "Forced to Take Part in Experiments." Interview by Vesna Maric. BBC News. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4212061.stm>.
This primary source gave more details and what a camp looked like on a personal level. I would recommend this because it is a very good interview that helped me understand the topic more deeply.
Video
Taylor Reads Indictment during Medical Trial; Gebhardt's Background. United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ushmm.org/online/film/display /detail.php?file_num=1890>.
This video shows an excerpt from the Nuremberg Trials, Medical Case. The indictment is read and evidence is shown. The film helped me see what happened during the Nuremberg Trials. I would recommend this source, because it is a great primary source.
Website
"Josef Mengele and Experimentation on Human Twins at Auschwitz." Longwood Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2014.
This website tells the story of Eva Mozes' account of the experiments done by Dr. Mengele. She was a twin, so she had to endure the horrible experiments at Auschwitz. They took her blood, tried to change her eye color and much more. This source gave me a different perspective to look at the experiments. I would recommend this source.
Secondary Sources
Book
Rossel, Seymour, and David A. Altshuler. The Holocaust: The World and the Jews, 1933-1945. West Orange, NJ: Behrman House, 1992. Print.
This is a secondary source but it has a few primary viewpoints in it. This book gave a broad image of what the holocaust was like. This source was very important because it was my first source and I would recommend to anybody who wants an overview of the holocaust.
Veatch, Robert M. The Patient as Partner: A Theory of Human-experimentation Ethics. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1987. Print.
This book dives into the controversy and history of human-experimentation ethics. I used this information to describe the debate of human experimentation. This source was mostly unneeded information, so I would not recommend this source.
Newspaper
Bradt, Steve. "A Rippling Effect of the Holocaust." Harvard Gazette. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014.
<http://new.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/06/a-rippling-effect-of-the-holocaust/>.
This secondary source helped me find the effects of the Holocaust and Nazi Human Experimentation. I would recommend this source but only as an add-on and not a source for background knowledge.
Thesis
Dyal, Elizabeth S. Nazi Medical Experimentation: Should the Data Obtained Be Used? Thesis.
Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2001. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
Dyal’s thesis describes the controversy of using the data obtained through Nazi medical experimentation. It talks about the background of the experiments, reasons for using the data, ethical problems and possible consequences. I used this source for the background information and the controversy of the data use. I would recommend this well-rounded source.
Website
"Auschwitz-Birkenau - Home Page - Museum." Auschwitz-Birkenau - Home Page - Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014.
This secondary source helped me understand why and who did the experiments. This made the source very valuable. I would recommend this to another student because it described almost everything that happened in Auschwitz with detail.
"Himmler Decides to Begin Medical Experiments on Auschwitz Prisoners." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.
This source briefly describes Heinrich Himmler's role in Nazi human experimentation. He discussed the idea of using concentration camp prisoners for medical experiments. Himmler proposed extending experimenting on males and starting experimenting on females at Auschwitz Concentration Camp. The article provided good information on the causes of the experiments. I would recommend this source.
"Jewish Law - Articles ("The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From NaziExperiments")." Jewish Law - Articles ("The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments"). N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014.
This is a secondary source and it gave information on the ethics and controversy of the Nazi human experimentation. I would recommend this website since it gave me a deeper insight on the controversy.
Linder, Doug. "Nuremberg ACCOUNT." Nuremberg ACCOUNT. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2014.
Linder gives a good overview of the Nuremberg trials, and it focuses mainly on the first trial, the trial of the twenty-one war criminals. This source gave me details on parts of the Nuremberg trials. The information was not written in the best way and because of that I would not recommend it.
"Medical Experiments of the Holocaust and Nazi Medicine." Medical Experiments of the Holocaust and Nazi Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Jan. 2014.
This source provides detailed information about Hypothermia experiments and Genetic experiments. It lists a few of those experiments in more depth. This source gave me great information on the experiments. I would recommend this source.
"Medicine in Auschwitz." Medicine in Auschwitz. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2014.
This website described with good details the typhus experiments at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp. That information was used in the experiments section of my website. I would not recommend this source, because it only talks about one of the experiments.
"Nazi Medical Experiments." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 10 June 2013. Web. 11 Jan. 2014.
This source gave a general overview of Nazi Human Experimentation with good details. It described the three general types of human experimentation with examples of each. This source was used at the beginning of research to better understand the topic. I would recommend this source to a student who wants the general information on the Nazi experiments.
"Nuremberg Code." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2014.
This website explains how the Nuremberg Code was created during the Medical Case. This information was used in the effects of the experiments. I would recommend this source.
"The Doctors Trial: The Medical Case of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 10 June 2013. Web. 21 Jan. 2014
This source provides a great description of the Doctor’s Trials, from the beginning prosecution to the final verdict. It gave me a good general overview of the trials. I would recommend this source.
"The Nazi Doctors." The Nazi Doctors. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2014. <http://www.auschwitz.dk/doctors.htm>.
This secondary source helped me by giving information on the doctors who experimented on people. I would recommend this source because it gave me lots of good facts.
"Rise of Hitler: Hitler Named Chancellor." The History Place. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2014. <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/named.htm>
This secondary source told me about Hitler running for chancellor. I used this as triage research to fill in a few gaps and I would recommend this source since it was detailed and had other sources attached to it.
Tyson, Peter. "Results of Death-Camp Experiments: Should They Be Used?" PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/holocaust/experiments.html>.
Tyson asks the question of whether or not the data from Nazi experiments should be used. This primary source gives good descriptions and details. I used a lot of quotes on this website and gained information about the controversy of the use of the data. I would recommend this source.
Images
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/holocaust/experiintro2.html
Concentration-camp inmate wounded from an experiment
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/adolf_hitler
This was a photo of Hitler doing the Nazi salute from a BBC photo gallery.
http://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_dismal_science/2013/06/the_rise_of_nazi_germany_did_the_prevalence_of_hunting_and_sin ging_clubs.html
Parade of the SS Guard, the Nazi elite, at a party rally in Nuremberg, Germany, in the late 1930s
http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1707887_1525748,00.html
This photo was of Hitler greeting his followers from a Time photo gallery.
http://www.cchrint.org/2011/03/31/junkies-in-jackboots-nazi-soldiers-given-highly-addictive-crystal-meth-to-help-them-fight-harder- and-longer-2/
This photo was of Germans marching through the Soviet Union.
http://faithandsurvival.com/2012/03/blue-shirts-the-american-sa/
Hitler declaring war on the U.S., Dec. 11, 1941
http://www.stevenlberg.info/today/437
The Nuremberg Race Laws
http://the8stages.blogspot.com/2012/01/holocaust-symbolisation.html
Jews wearing the Star of David
http://landmarkreport.com/eaptowitzer/2013/11/injustice-75-years-since-kristallnacht-nazis-still-roam-free
German Soldiers running during Kristallnacht
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005059
Children eating in the street of the Warsaw Ghetto
http://www.hmd.org.uk/resources/image-library/ghettos-and-deportation
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Surrender
http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/sightseeing/The-Jewish-Ghetto
Jews being deported from the Krakow ghetto
http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/ss/Camps-Map.htm
Concentration and Death Camps map
http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19420223,00.html
TIME Magazine cover showing Reinhard Heydrich
http://nwkarchivist.tumblr.com/post/14265890539/50-years-ago-today-adolf-eichmann-mastermind-of
Newsweek Magazine showing Adolf Eichmann
http://theflaneursturtle.com/tag/auschwitz-birkenau/
The front view of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10005214&MediaId=1484
View of the Dachau concentration camp, after liberation. Germany, April 29, 1945.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp
View of the barracks at Ravensbrück
http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/buchenwald.html
Medical Experiments at Buchenwald Concentration Camp, Buchenwald Germany
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10005168&MediaId=917
A Romani (Gypsy) victim of Nazi medical experiments to make seawater potable.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10005168&MediaId=860
A victim of Nazi experiments at Buchenwald Concentration Camp, Buchenwald Germany
http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/33d/projects/medicine/Medicine.htm
Victims of the typhus experiments at Auschwitz
https://owlspaceccm.rice.edu/access/content/user/ecy1/Nazi%20Human%20Experimentation/Pages/Twin%20studies.html
Twins suffering through Mengele's experiments.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?MediaId=5017
American Judges during the Nuremberg Trials.
http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1040809
Dr. Gerhard Rose on the first day of his testimony in his own defense during the Doctors Trial.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10007035&MediaId=569
The defendants' dock and members of the defense counsel during the Doctors' Trial.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?MediaId=568
Brigadier General Telford Taylor during the Doctors' Trial
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10007035&MediaId=5016
The prosecution team during the Doctors' Trial
http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=12476
The Military Tribunal I judges hearing the Doctors Trial
http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1036602
Karl Brandt takes the stand during the Medical Case Trial in Nuremberg
http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19450212,00.html
Heinrich Himmler on Time Magazine cover
http://www.manufacturer.com/potassium-cyanidecapsulescrystalstablets-products-p7057303
Small pile of Potassium Cyanide
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R14128A,_Martin_Bormann.jpg
Martin Bormann - prominent Nazi official
http://www.hutchpost.com/?attachment_id=12374
'Missing' sign
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WP_Josef_Mengele_1956.jpg
Josef Mengele - chief physician at Auschwitz
http://www.ezilon.com/maps/south-america/argentina-road-maps.html
Map of Argentina
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-2406-01,_Berlin-Lustgarten,_Rede_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg
Joseph Goebbels - Reich propaganda minister
http://www.sportsmansguide.com/net/cb/8mm-bf-german-wwii-pistol.aspx?a=688526
Blank-firing German WWII Semi-Auto Pistol
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10005168&MediaId=1676
Concentration camp survivor Jadwiga Dzido shows her scarred leg to the Nuremberg court
http://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/nuremberg.pdf
PDF of Nuremberg Code
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/holocaust/experin08.html
Nazi doctors immerse a prisoner in ice water during hypothermia experiments at Dachau
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10005168&MediaId=2655
Soviet soldiers inspect a box containing poison used in medical experiments
Book
Hitler, Adolf, and Ralph Manheim. Mein Kampf. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1943. Ebook Reader.
This primary source was triage research for Hitler’s racial ideology. This book told me a bit on how he justified his acts and why he hated certain groups. It helped me get an understanding on the time period of the Holocaust. I would recommend this source if you are looking for the reasons why he started the Holocaust.
Kor, Eva Mozes., and Lisa Rojany-Buccieri. Surviving the Angel of Death: The True Story of a Mengele Twin in Auschwitz. Terre Haute, IN: Tanglewood, 2012. Print.
This primary source helped me a lot because it gave me an actual account of one person. I could see what it was like from a prisoner's point of view. I would recommend this source because it was a great primary source and has a lot of good facts.
Nyiszli, Miklós. Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Pub., 2011. Print.
This novel describes Dr. Nyiszli’s account of Auschwitz. It gives good information that reveals what things happened at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp. This source was vital to my research. It gave a first-person account of the experiments, which helped me better understand what happened. I would definitely recommend this source.
Spitz, Vivien. Doctors from Hell: The Horrific Account of Nazi Experiments on Humans. Boulder, CO: Sentient Publications, 2005. Print.
This primary source helped me get a deeper insight on what the actual viewpoints of the doctors and Justices. I used this to understand what happened in the Nuremberg Trials and some of the effects. This source was very valuable because it had lots of good viewpoints.
Court Proceedings
United States of America v. Karl Brandt, Et Al. (The Doctors' Trial). Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals (NMT). N.d. Nuremberg Trials Project - A Digital Document Collection. Harvard Law School, 2003. Web. 20 Jan. 2014.<http://nuremberg.law.harvard.edu/php/docs_swi.php?DI=1&text=transcript>
This primary source was the court proceeding of the "Subsequent Nuremberg Trials". This helped me get understanding on what the trials were like. I'll recommend the source because it contains original document and let me have a complete understanding of the Trials.
Document
The Nuremberg Code. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949. PDF.
The Nuremberg Code is a document from the Medical Case during the Nuremberg Trials. It describes ten points defining legitimate human research. This document was used in the effects of the Nuremberg Trial. I would recommend this source, since it is a great primary source.
Letter
Rascher, Sigmund. "Concerning Freezing Experiments." Letter to Heinrich Himmler. 17 Feb. 1943. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Nazi Medical Experiments Rascher 2. Http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/rascher2.htm>.
This primary source was a letter from Dr. Rascher to Himmler, describing the hypothermia experiment. I would recommend the source because this is from Dr. Rascher's own words that collaborate victims' account.
Interview
Elias, Ruth. "Claude Lanzmann Shoah Collection, Interview with Ruth Elias." Interview by Claude Lanzmann. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Jan. 2014. <http://www.ushmm.org/online/film/display/detail.php?file_num=4736>.
This primary source was an interview that helped me understand what Auschwitz was like. This gave me a lot of information on the experiments and had lots of good quotes I would recommend this source because it was a good firsthand account.
Hammerstien, Leah. "Invasion of Poland, Fall 1939." Interview. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2014.<http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_oi.php?ModuleId=10005070&MediaId=1175>
This primary source was an interview of a person describing the bombing of Warsaw. I used this as triage research and I would recommend this source because it had a lot of good quotes on the Invasion of Poland.
"Nazi Medical Experiments - Oral History." Interview. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. N.p., n.d. Web.
<http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_oi.php?MediaId=1149&ModuleId=10005168>.
This is an interview with Irene Hizme. She talks about her experiences in an experiment at Auschwitz. Hizme describes how they took her blood samples and x-rays of her, because she was a twin. This source helped me better understand what happened in the experiments, because it is told from a first-person point of view. I would recommend this source.
Newspaper Article
Greenhouse, Steven. "Capping the Cost of Atrocity; Survivor of Nazi Experiments Says $8,000 Isn't Enough." The New York Times. The New York Times, 19 Nov. 2003. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.
This helped us with our project because it shows the perspective from what happened back then from a survivor of the Nazi experiments. I would not recommend this source because it did not have as much information on the experimentation as we had expected.
Hevesi, Denis. "Dr. Jay Katz, 86, Dies; Explorer of Ethics Issues." New York Times 20 Nov. 2008: n. pag. Web.
This source is the obituary of Dr. Jay Katz, who explored ethical issues. The article summarizes his career and shows a few of his quotes. I pulled a quote from this article. This is not that great of source and I would not recommend it to a fellow student.
Methodist Hospital, Houston. "Survivor of Nazi 'twin experiments' talks to doctors about human subjects research." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 6 December 2012. <www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/12/121206153357.htm>.
This primary source was about a survivor that got tested on by the Nazis. I used this as one of my main primary sources. This source was very useful because it was good to hear information from an actual person who has been through it.
Spanjaard, Ima. "Forced to Take Part in Experiments." Interview by Vesna Maric. BBC News. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2014. <http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4212061.stm>.
This primary source gave more details and what a camp looked like on a personal level. I would recommend this because it is a very good interview that helped me understand the topic more deeply.
Video
Taylor Reads Indictment during Medical Trial; Gebhardt's Background. United States
Holocaust Memorial Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2014. <http://www.ushmm.org/online/film/display /detail.php?file_num=1890>.
This video shows an excerpt from the Nuremberg Trials, Medical Case. The indictment is read and evidence is shown. The film helped me see what happened during the Nuremberg Trials. I would recommend this source, because it is a great primary source.
Website
"Josef Mengele and Experimentation on Human Twins at Auschwitz." Longwood Home Page. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2014.
This website tells the story of Eva Mozes' account of the experiments done by Dr. Mengele. She was a twin, so she had to endure the horrible experiments at Auschwitz. They took her blood, tried to change her eye color and much more. This source gave me a different perspective to look at the experiments. I would recommend this source.
Secondary Sources
Book
Rossel, Seymour, and David A. Altshuler. The Holocaust: The World and the Jews, 1933-1945. West Orange, NJ: Behrman House, 1992. Print.
This is a secondary source but it has a few primary viewpoints in it. This book gave a broad image of what the holocaust was like. This source was very important because it was my first source and I would recommend to anybody who wants an overview of the holocaust.
Veatch, Robert M. The Patient as Partner: A Theory of Human-experimentation Ethics. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1987. Print.
This book dives into the controversy and history of human-experimentation ethics. I used this information to describe the debate of human experimentation. This source was mostly unneeded information, so I would not recommend this source.
Newspaper
Bradt, Steve. "A Rippling Effect of the Holocaust." Harvard Gazette. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Jan. 2014.
<http://new.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2010/06/a-rippling-effect-of-the-holocaust/>.
This secondary source helped me find the effects of the Holocaust and Nazi Human Experimentation. I would recommend this source but only as an add-on and not a source for background knowledge.
Thesis
Dyal, Elizabeth S. Nazi Medical Experimentation: Should the Data Obtained Be Used? Thesis.
Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2001. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
Dyal’s thesis describes the controversy of using the data obtained through Nazi medical experimentation. It talks about the background of the experiments, reasons for using the data, ethical problems and possible consequences. I used this source for the background information and the controversy of the data use. I would recommend this well-rounded source.
Website
"Auschwitz-Birkenau - Home Page - Museum." Auschwitz-Birkenau - Home Page - Museum. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014.
This secondary source helped me understand why and who did the experiments. This made the source very valuable. I would recommend this to another student because it described almost everything that happened in Auschwitz with detail.
"Himmler Decides to Begin Medical Experiments on Auschwitz Prisoners." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 14 Jan. 2014.
This source briefly describes Heinrich Himmler's role in Nazi human experimentation. He discussed the idea of using concentration camp prisoners for medical experiments. Himmler proposed extending experimenting on males and starting experimenting on females at Auschwitz Concentration Camp. The article provided good information on the causes of the experiments. I would recommend this source.
"Jewish Law - Articles ("The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From NaziExperiments")." Jewish Law - Articles ("The Ethics Of Using Medical Data From Nazi Experiments"). N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Jan. 2014.
This is a secondary source and it gave information on the ethics and controversy of the Nazi human experimentation. I would recommend this website since it gave me a deeper insight on the controversy.
Linder, Doug. "Nuremberg ACCOUNT." Nuremberg ACCOUNT. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2014.
Linder gives a good overview of the Nuremberg trials, and it focuses mainly on the first trial, the trial of the twenty-one war criminals. This source gave me details on parts of the Nuremberg trials. The information was not written in the best way and because of that I would not recommend it.
"Medical Experiments of the Holocaust and Nazi Medicine." Medical Experiments of the Holocaust and Nazi Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Jan. 2014.
This source provides detailed information about Hypothermia experiments and Genetic experiments. It lists a few of those experiments in more depth. This source gave me great information on the experiments. I would recommend this source.
"Medicine in Auschwitz." Medicine in Auschwitz. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Jan. 2014.
This website described with good details the typhus experiments at the Auschwitz Concentration Camp. That information was used in the experiments section of my website. I would not recommend this source, because it only talks about one of the experiments.
"Nazi Medical Experiments." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 10 June 2013. Web. 11 Jan. 2014.
This source gave a general overview of Nazi Human Experimentation with good details. It described the three general types of human experimentation with examples of each. This source was used at the beginning of research to better understand the topic. I would recommend this source to a student who wants the general information on the Nazi experiments.
"Nuremberg Code." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2014.
This website explains how the Nuremberg Code was created during the Medical Case. This information was used in the effects of the experiments. I would recommend this source.
"The Doctors Trial: The Medical Case of the Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings." United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. United States Holocaust Memorial Council, 10 June 2013. Web. 21 Jan. 2014
This source provides a great description of the Doctor’s Trials, from the beginning prosecution to the final verdict. It gave me a good general overview of the trials. I would recommend this source.
"The Nazi Doctors." The Nazi Doctors. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2014. <http://www.auschwitz.dk/doctors.htm>.
This secondary source helped me by giving information on the doctors who experimented on people. I would recommend this source because it gave me lots of good facts.
"Rise of Hitler: Hitler Named Chancellor." The History Place. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Feb. 2014. <http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/riseofhitler/named.htm>
This secondary source told me about Hitler running for chancellor. I used this as triage research to fill in a few gaps and I would recommend this source since it was detailed and had other sources attached to it.
Tyson, Peter. "Results of Death-Camp Experiments: Should They Be Used?" PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/holocaust/experiments.html>.
Tyson asks the question of whether or not the data from Nazi experiments should be used. This primary source gives good descriptions and details. I used a lot of quotes on this website and gained information about the controversy of the use of the data. I would recommend this source.
Images
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/holocaust/experiintro2.html
Concentration-camp inmate wounded from an experiment
http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/adolf_hitler
This was a photo of Hitler doing the Nazi salute from a BBC photo gallery.
http://www.slate.com/articles/business/the_dismal_science/2013/06/the_rise_of_nazi_germany_did_the_prevalence_of_hunting_and_sin ging_clubs.html
Parade of the SS Guard, the Nazi elite, at a party rally in Nuremberg, Germany, in the late 1930s
http://content.time.com/time/photogallery/0,29307,1707887_1525748,00.html
This photo was of Hitler greeting his followers from a Time photo gallery.
http://www.cchrint.org/2011/03/31/junkies-in-jackboots-nazi-soldiers-given-highly-addictive-crystal-meth-to-help-them-fight-harder- and-longer-2/
This photo was of Germans marching through the Soviet Union.
http://faithandsurvival.com/2012/03/blue-shirts-the-american-sa/
Hitler declaring war on the U.S., Dec. 11, 1941
http://www.stevenlberg.info/today/437
The Nuremberg Race Laws
http://the8stages.blogspot.com/2012/01/holocaust-symbolisation.html
Jews wearing the Star of David
http://landmarkreport.com/eaptowitzer/2013/11/injustice-75-years-since-kristallnacht-nazis-still-roam-free
German Soldiers running during Kristallnacht
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005059
Children eating in the street of the Warsaw Ghetto
http://www.hmd.org.uk/resources/image-library/ghettos-and-deportation
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Surrender
http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/sightseeing/The-Jewish-Ghetto
Jews being deported from the Krakow ghetto
http://history1900s.about.com/od/holocaust/ss/Camps-Map.htm
Concentration and Death Camps map
http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19420223,00.html
TIME Magazine cover showing Reinhard Heydrich
http://nwkarchivist.tumblr.com/post/14265890539/50-years-ago-today-adolf-eichmann-mastermind-of
Newsweek Magazine showing Adolf Eichmann
http://theflaneursturtle.com/tag/auschwitz-birkenau/
The front view of the Auschwitz Concentration Camp
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10005214&MediaId=1484
View of the Dachau concentration camp, after liberation. Germany, April 29, 1945.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp
View of the barracks at Ravensbrück
http://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/othercamps/buchenwald.html
Medical Experiments at Buchenwald Concentration Camp, Buchenwald Germany
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10005168&MediaId=917
A Romani (Gypsy) victim of Nazi medical experiments to make seawater potable.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10005168&MediaId=860
A victim of Nazi experiments at Buchenwald Concentration Camp, Buchenwald Germany
http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/33d/projects/medicine/Medicine.htm
Victims of the typhus experiments at Auschwitz
https://owlspaceccm.rice.edu/access/content/user/ecy1/Nazi%20Human%20Experimentation/Pages/Twin%20studies.html
Twins suffering through Mengele's experiments.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?MediaId=5017
American Judges during the Nuremberg Trials.
http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1040809
Dr. Gerhard Rose on the first day of his testimony in his own defense during the Doctors Trial.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10007035&MediaId=569
The defendants' dock and members of the defense counsel during the Doctors' Trial.
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?MediaId=568
Brigadier General Telford Taylor during the Doctors' Trial
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10007035&MediaId=5016
The prosecution team during the Doctors' Trial
http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=12476
The Military Tribunal I judges hearing the Doctors Trial
http://digitalassets.ushmm.org/photoarchives/detail.aspx?id=1036602
Karl Brandt takes the stand during the Medical Case Trial in Nuremberg
http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19450212,00.html
Heinrich Himmler on Time Magazine cover
http://www.manufacturer.com/potassium-cyanidecapsulescrystalstablets-products-p7057303
Small pile of Potassium Cyanide
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R14128A,_Martin_Bormann.jpg
Martin Bormann - prominent Nazi official
http://www.hutchpost.com/?attachment_id=12374
'Missing' sign
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WP_Josef_Mengele_1956.jpg
Josef Mengele - chief physician at Auschwitz
http://www.ezilon.com/maps/south-america/argentina-road-maps.html
Map of Argentina
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-2406-01,_Berlin-Lustgarten,_Rede_Joseph_Goebbels.jpg
Joseph Goebbels - Reich propaganda minister
http://www.sportsmansguide.com/net/cb/8mm-bf-german-wwii-pistol.aspx?a=688526
Blank-firing German WWII Semi-Auto Pistol
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10005168&MediaId=1676
Concentration camp survivor Jadwiga Dzido shows her scarred leg to the Nuremberg court
http://history.nih.gov/research/downloads/nuremberg.pdf
PDF of Nuremberg Code
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/holocaust/experin08.html
Nazi doctors immerse a prisoner in ice water during hypothermia experiments at Dachau
http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/media_ph.php?ModuleId=10005168&MediaId=2655
Soviet soldiers inspect a box containing poison used in medical experiments